{"id":2710,"date":"2024-02-19T18:14:20","date_gmt":"2024-02-19T10:14:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/shinsengumijapan.com\/?page_id=2710"},"modified":"2024-02-25T20:30:55","modified_gmt":"2024-02-25T12:30:55","slug":"ronins","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/shinsengumijapan.com\/en\/history\/ronins\/","title":{"rendered":"The R\u014dnin"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/span>\"\"
\n

HISTORY<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The R\u014dnin<\/strong>
The Shinsengumi was renamed from Mibu R\u014dshigumi after several months in operation. The term r\u014dshigumi implies a samurai group consisting of r\u014dnins, who were generally referred as the people who wandered around after leaving from their own daimyo without authorization, or known as dappan. These samurai chose to leave their lord due to cultural or political view conflicts, while some were forced to lose their ground upon the daimyo\u2019s fall or demise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Tokugawa shogunate\u2019s early days, an authoritarian form of government was well demonstrated to maintain a strong central power and harshly take over or even exterminate any daimyo not in line with the shogunate policy through military and administrative means. The wipe-out of certain daimyo led to a r\u014dnin acceleration in the community, with over five hundred thousand in number by estimation. Though the shogunate managed to consolidate its power, society suffered from another serious threat to its stability as the r\u014dnin, equipped with katana, had been committing evil all around. It sounded normal since they had been lacking work, income and residence. Without any sense of social belonging, the r\u014dnin were suffering from a state of instability and generally tended to resent the shogunate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In recent decades, numerous movies and animations highlighted r\u014dnin as righteous samurai fighting injustice for the less privileged and victims. It is definitely out of entertainment purpose needs, given their mysterious background yet skilled swordsmanship. Rurouni Kenshin, a Japanese manga series by Nobuhiro Watsuki since 1994, has represented an example of creation work on the r\u014dnin theme. The story revolves around Himura Kenshin, an assassin serving the Ch\u014dsh\u016b-han at the shogunate\u2019s end, who decided to wander around to help the weak with a sakabat\u014d (reverse blade katana) since the Meiji Restoration, upon his own promise of not taking any more lives. It is a self-redemption process. The anime plot integrates perfectly creative roles into historical scenes and characters, captivating young audiences with the bakumatsu\u2019s history where society\u2019s turbulence and helplessness was well-depicted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u7dcb\u6751\u528d\u5fc3<\/figure><\/div>
\"\u7dcb\u6751\u528d\u5fc3<\/figure><\/div>
\"\u6cb3\u4e0a\u5f65\u9f4b,<\/figure><\/div>
\"Gensai<\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Himura Kenshin prototype, as created by Nobuhiro Watsuki, was based on the Kawakami Gensai reference, one of the four bakumatsu remarkable assassins. He was under five feet tall, relatively smaller in size compared with other swordsmen. His swordsmanship genre remained unknown but he was well recognized for his speed and agility. In the Ikedaya Jiken on 5 June 1864, Miyabe Teiz\u014d, who was a devoted sonn\u014d j\u014di proponent and close friend of Kawakami Gensai, was killed during the Shinsengumi raid. Out of anger, Kawakami Gensai immediately set off to Kyoto for revenge. He was however commissioned for another assassination, Sakuma Sh\u014dzan being the target. \n\nSakuma Sh\u014dzan was an important figure in the Japan political, science and education fields. His academic works and preachings were influential and his notable students, including Katsu Kaish\u016b and Sakamoto Ry\u014dma, later played a significant role in the political reform leading to the Meiji Restoration. Setting out his vision for Japan\u2019s betterment under the foreign powers\u2019 existing threat, he advocated the opening of seaports to foreigners in order to facilitate international trading. And at the same time, it should be accompanied with an administrative reform where the bakufu fostered collaboration and integrated with the Imperial government, or known as K\u014dbu gattai, leading to a more effective governance and an alleviated Emperor status. Kawakami Gensai, however, held a strong view of sonn\u014d j\u014di and a denial of any foreigner partnership. As instructed, at the time when Sakuma Sh\u014dzan reached Kyoto\u2019s Sanyo-kiya-cho district on horseback, on 11 July 1864, Kawakami Gensai launched a relentless attack upon him in broad daylight among the market crowd. The ambush demonstrated his acrobatic technique which would have inspired Nobuhiro Watsuki on the Hiten Mitsurugi-ry\u016b creation, a fictional sword style based on speed and agility practiced by Himura Kenshin. Upon a better understanding of his background, Kawakami Gensai confessed at Kyoto\u2019s Tenryuji Temple that Sakuma Sh\u014dzan was \u2018the greatest man of all time\u2019 and was confused if his assassination would be justifiable. This triggered his reflection on the rationality of killing and, similar to what Himura Kenshin was going through in his wandering days, he experienced a psychological struggle and vowed eventually not to kill.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Sakuma Sh\u014dzan\u2019s bronze statue, located in the Zozan Shrine next to the Zozan Memorial Museum in Nagano, was built in 2011 to mark the 200th anniversary of his birth<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In early 1863, with the goal of protecting Kyoto\u2019s Tokugawa sh\u014dgun, Kiyokawa Hachir\u014d called for a setup of the R\u014dshigumi in the bakufu\u2019s name. He openly recruited in Edo, and founded a group of two hundred thirty-four r\u014dnin loyal to the shogun shortly thereafter. The reason behind it was the prospect provided by the R\u014dshigumi. During the Edo period, a social stratification was implemented based on profession. It was shin\u014dk\u014dsh\u014d or society\u2019s four divisions comprising Samurai, Peasants, Artisans and Merchants. The system\u2019s nature was hereditary that social classes would be inherited by their following generation. Taking Kond\u014d Isami as an example, he was the Tennen Rishin-ry\u016b\u2019s Shieikan Dojo\u2019s master. Under his family\u2019s hereditary class however, he was born as Peasant and would not be recognized as Samurai despite his skill and personal achievements. \n\u2003\nOwing to the rigid societal class, in 1862, he was eventually denied any bureaucratic position, including an unofficial teaching post offer at the K\u014dbusho, a military training school established by the Tokugawa shogunate in the bakumatsu. In response to the technology military threat coming from the west, the K\u014dbusho served as an academy in the swordsmanship, artillery, machinery, military strategy and weaponry advances field. Students were mainly shogun, officials and samurai affiliates and it was a prestigious honour to be involved in any form of the K\u014dbusho. It was first stationed at Edo\u2019s Tsukiji in 1856 and was later joined by the Naval Training Centre after its relocation from Nagasaki, headed by Katsu Kaish\u016b. In 1859 the K\u014dbusho was moved to Chiyoda district\u2019s Misakich\u014d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Many r\u014dnins, along with Kond\u014d Isami\u2019s squad, were enthusiastic to join the R\u014dshigumi in hopes of social status promotion via achievements. furthermore, recruitment criteria appeared relatively simple, they would basically be shortlisted basically upon the merit of swordsmanship and loyalty to the sh\u014dgun, regardless of their social status, profession and personal background. More importantly, being part of the R\u014dshigumi, would give them allowances. Wouldn\u2019t it be an appealing job for the r\u014dnin?<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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